The Age of Innocence | Analysis

The Age of Innocence | Analysis The Age of Innocence is the novel of Edith Whartons maturity in which she contemplates the New York of her youth, a society now extinct and even then under threat. She was born in 1862 into the exclusive, entrenched and apparently immutable world of wealthy New York families. It was a world of structured leisure, in which attendance at balls and dinners passed for occupation, in which the women devoted themselves to dress and to the maintenance of family and system and the men kept a watchful eye on the financial underpinning that made the whole process possible. It was a complacent and philistine world, but one with inflexible standards. These standards and any offences against it lies at the heart of The Age of Innocence; the sexual passion between Newland Archer, a married man, and Ellen Olenski, nonconformist and separated from her husband, threatens conventional mores and family security; the financial irregularities of Julius Beaufort require that he and his wife be ejected fro m society before they corrupt its most cherished integrities. The form of the novel allows its author to examine, with the wisdom of hindsight, a world which was in the process of breaking up when she was a girl, and which she herself rejected in any case. She wrote with the enclyclopedic knowledge of an insider with the accuracy and selective power of a fine novelist and the detachment of a highly intelligent social and historical observer. From the opening pages of the Age of Innocence, when Newland Archer attends the opera at the Academy of music in New York, we see through his eyes the stage and the cast of the book. Her selection of points of view: of the two central figures, Newland and Ellen Olenski, with whom he falls fatally in love, only Newland is allowed a voice; Ellen is always seen through his eyes and those of others, and is thus given a detachment which makes her both slightly mysterious and strengthens her role as the novels catalyst. Newland, on the other hand, by being given absolute definition of thought and action, is laid out for inspection and judgement; he has the vulnerability of exposure, while Ellen is left with privacy and silence. One is ultimately trapped by custom and circumstance, and the other a free spirit, harbinger of the future. As the novel begins, Newland is about to announce his engagement to May Welland, a conventional alliance with a beautiful girl from a suitable family. He loves her, but sees her, even at this early stage, with a clarity that is prescient: when he had gone the brief round of her he returned discouraged by the thought that all this frankness and innocence were only an artificial product. May, indeed, can be seen as embodying in her personality all the rigidity and implacable self-righteousness of the society itself A KIND OF INNOCENCE, but a dangerous and eventually self-destructive innocence. The novel falls naturally into two halves, before and after the marriage, and it is in the second half that we see the characters of the book Newland and May mature and conflict. In the first part of the book, Newland is allowed to appear as somewhat innocent himself, more sophisticated of course than his financà ©e because he is a man and has been permitted both emotional experiences (he has had a brief affair with a married woman) and an intellectual range not available at the time to a young woman, but nevertheless conditioned and relatively unquestioning. He views the New York of his birth and upbringing with a degree of affectionate impatience. He bows to the dictates of convention silver-backed brushed with his monogram in blue enamel to part his hair never appearing in society without a flower in his buttonhole and accepts a world in which people move in an atmosphere of faint implications and pale delicacies. But at the same time, he is capable of criticism and rebellion, and it is in the second half of the novel that we see this capacity fanned into active life by his feelings for Ellen Olenski and his assessment and understanding of her situation and what is that is being done to her by the tribe. Newlands TRAGEDY is that in the last resort he is unable to obey his own instincts: nurture triumphs over nature. May is a more interesting character than she immediately appears; towards the end of the novel she appears to be anything but innocent. Ellen Olenski is her cousin, returned from Europe to the family fold after the collapse of a disasterous marriage to a philandering Polish count. May, initially, has been graciously kind to her and has encouraged Newlands friendly support and advice over Ellens complex and precarious situation: should she divorce her husband? But in the months after the marriage the passion between Newland and Ellen has become apparent to May (even though they dont seem to meet very much in the novel). We never know quite how but must assume that May is more astute and observant than she has appeared. With stealthy adroitness, she moves to save her marriage and avert the threat to social tranquility the outsider cannot be allowed to strike at the heart of all that is sacrosanct and must be ejected. The family tacitly close ranks around May, and Ellen is put under subtle pressure to return to Europe. In the final scenes, Newland realizes what is happening but he is mute and helpless because there is nothing he can do about it because to protest would be to betray himself and Ellen, who is the challenge and the threat to the status quo. She fascinates the men and repels the women by her cosmopolitanism, her taste for literature and art, her cooly amused view (almost flippant attitude) of the world of her childhood: Im sure Im dead and buried, and this dear old place is heaven, she says to Newland at their first meeting, and from that moment he is doomed. From the start, it appears she has decided to have him, judging by her offhand and unconventional assumption that he will visit her. The whole situation is very ambiguous because we as the reader are not privy to her thoughts and true intentions. Ellens family stands behind her at first and as a last resort they solicit the help of the almost fossilized and aristocratic van der Leydens, to ensure her acceptance. But Ellen is fatally tainted: although Ellen is the one who is the innocent party in her failed marriage (her husband, the Count had eyes with a lot of lashes [to lash = discard his eyes roamed] and when he wasnt chasing the women he was collecting china [china plate = mates] and paying any price for both [meaning he was a philanderer with both women and men and paid them handsomely as well], she is polluted there are even unconfirmed rumors that she has consoled herself. The double standards on which that society functioned becomes most apparent here: a woman must be blameless but a blind eye is turned on male sexual indulgence. Initial sympathy eventually turns to suspicion and then to rejection as it is realized that she is not going to conform that she is no longer one of them due to her freedom of mind and of spirit that is unacceptable in a woman. Ellen emerges as the victor, escaping to the freedom of a more expansive and imaginative society. The price she pays is her relationship with Newland Archer. Newland, Ellen and May are products of their time; whatever their instincts and their inclinations, they are obliged to obey its dictation. The author singles our Sillerton Jackson and Lawrence Lefferts, authorities respectively on family and on form. The unexpected ending is neither tragic nor happy. Archer has no hinders towards being with Ellen now, but chooses to keep her as a memory like a relic in a small dim chapel. She is now significantly older and perhaps does not want to be confronted with reality. She is simply a regret of his youth. Wharton frustrates the reader with this ending, and even with Archers and Ellens frustrated love. One of the central themes in The Age of Innocence is the struggle the individual has with his/her own desires and the dictates of the moral codes and manners of the group of which one belongs. Several times, both Archer and Ellen are expected to sacrifice their own desires for what the family and societal desires and expectations. A profound sense of irony is experienced in reading The Age of Innocence. The hypocrisy demonstrated by so many characters in the book, not least by the character of society, leads one to believe that Wharton must have had a facetious undertone when giving the title of the book. Also, Whartons style, with so many details that have meaning, such as the raised eyebrow or a meaningful glance, communicates that many details have crucial significance, which came well to pass in the filming of the novel as well. The problems with making a film from an existing novel are many; films can use visual images to their advantage, whereas un-illustrated books cannot. The verbal nuances in the text get lost when being translated to film. A world of meaning in a glance, carefully analyzed by Wharton in the text, gets lost in its translation to film. Details of fashion in the text go unnoticed by modern readers. Scorsese dealt with this issue by having a voice-over narrator, telling us the details about things that were necessary to comprehend the story and the various scenes in it. Summary of articles: I read the introduction to the book and I think I saw it as a background to the story but did not summarize the introduction itself. I used the information, at the back of my mind, while reading the book and taking notes. Perhaps it would have been better not to read the introduction first, but only after reading the novel itself. Pamela Knights Forms of Disembodiment: The Social Subject in the Age of Innocence There were many different subjects dealt with in this article, but the part of it which most appealed to me (and which I believe I have use for in other areas of study) was the overall psychological and anthropological analysis of the novel. The quote that sums it up: Any observation about an individual character about his or her consciousness, emotions, body, history, or language also entangles us in the collective experience of the group, expressed in the welter of trifles, the matrix of social knowledge, within and out of which Whartons subjects are composed where and how that entanglement extends is one of the novels questions. Nancy Bentley Hunting for the Real: Wharton and the Science of Manners The quote that sums this article is: The gap between reputation and reality here is provocative, for it hints at the complexity of Whartons relation to her cultural context and to the changing concept of culture itself, the subject at the heart of her fiction. And the historical turn to primitivism. This article is an analysis of Whartons style and the authors relationship to her work and her use of symbolism. Lawrence S. Friedman: The Cinema of Martin Scorsese This article discusses the irony in the novel and Scorseses interpretation of Wharton in two scenes and focuses on the frustration of unconsummated desire. Brigitte Peucker Scorseses Age of Innocence: Adaptation and Intermediality This article deals with film understood as a medium in which different representational systems specifically those of painting and writing both collide and replace one another, but are always supplemental to each other . This makes film a medium congenial to the artistic concerns of Wharton (who was not particularly positive to film), because her work is very visual and multi-layered both imaginistic and verbal. The adaptation of this work was particularly challenging because of the aspect of being multi-layered and it was difficult to translate one medium to another.

Letter and memo

Dr. Leopold Bilgewaters, Vice-President Frivolous Affairs Highline Community College [Address Line 1 of Highline Community College here] [Address Line 2 of Highline Community College here] Sir: I am writing to you with a suggestion and is hoping for a nice feedback. I am currently enrolled in a class, Writ 143, the course name of which is Introduction to Technical Writing. Indeed, the lessons that we are taught here are essential to my profession and are a must in the career path I want to take. In fact, it is of regular use and the principles we receive from the classes are very much in overlap with application of the same. The need to apply such writing principles is direct that a lack of information on such would be of great effect to a professional. I see the said course as a very important course that should be taken by every student who graduates and passes on the hands of Highline Community College. The subject matter of technical writing is a tool that enhances the skills that one acquires in the said institutions. It is a tool that can be used from the very moment of job application to everyday tasks that would be done in the workplace. It is used in communication in the workplace where very professional should be understood in a clear manner so as to avoid misunderstandings. In our college, the opportunity of being trained under the great minds and hands of those who are experts in the field of technical writing is blocked by a prerequisite it has, which is Writing 101 or Principles of Writing. When one steps in a college such as ours, it is understood that one has the necessary skills in writing, which is covered in Principles of Writing. This course is intended as a refresher course and should not be made mandatory to everyone before taking the subject of Technical Writing. Unlike Writing 101, which has been given attention in lower levels of academic inquiry, Writing 143 is not included in the curriculums of previous school levels and would be a must in our college without any barriers to such. It would be best to simply administer a test that would determine who would have to go through Writing 101 before Writing 143 and those who would not have to take such. Sincerely, [Complete Name here] To: [Name of manager here], Manager From: [Full name here], Lead Insurance Specialist Subject: Request for Reimbursement Date: [Please indicate name here] This has reference to the course which I am taking now at Highline Community College, which is Writing 143. The complete course name of which is Introduction to Technical Writing. I would like to earnestly request for a reimbursement for the money well spent for the enrollment of this course. The Course The said course is completed online that provides me the chance to gain knowledge and relevant skills while being able to perform the necessary tasks in our company. It has given me the chance to shoot two birds with one stone and has even served as a tool that I can use for everyday communication inside the workplace. The course instills in the students the necessary communication skills that should be used for conveying messages that contain technical information inside the workplace in both vertical and horizontal lines. Likewise, the students are taught how to become aware of the special needs of the different audience groups. This would help in properly identifying the requirements of writing correspondence that can be easily understood by the audience to who it is intended for. The layout of such correspondence would also have to be considered by the students and the stringent requirements for such are taken into account. A holistic approach is placed on instructing the students to gain proficiency in technical writing. Importance to Everyday Work In my current position as a Lead Insurance Specialist, the task involving technical writing could not be avoided. I have to deal with writing letters, electronic mails, and memorandums that has placed me in a position that requires much knowledge in technical writing. The subject matter could not be acquired in previous academic levels. Fortunately, the chance was given to me to take the necessary classes and be given the chance to acquire the skills to create proper written communication. The knowledge of creating a good communication with the aide of the said course, Writing 143 or Intro to Technical Writing is indispensible to this kind of work as we all know that communication between the employees and with the clients is essential. More likely than not, unclear lines of communication leads to negative effects on the businesses and does not create a good picture for those who are concerned. On the other hand, when communication is clearly written, it would create an atmosphere of professionalism and would give both the audience and the writer the chance to clearly understand and be understood. Earnest Request It is with much hope that I would like to request for a reimbursement of the amount spent amounting to [please place amount here]. This is the cost of enrolling in the said class [please add some more particulars for the cost as necessary]. Please be assured that the knowledge I gain in this class will be used for the betterment of our organization. If, in any case, the total amount can not be shouldered by the organization, I will accept any amount that would keep both of us in an advantageous position. I would be very thankful of any amount that will be forwarded to me for this course that I am taking. Please advise me on the next steps that will be taken and I would appreciate any information and feedback that you will provide me regar Related essay: â€Å"Co Curricular Activities Letter†

Environmental protection Essay

Our earth is our home, so if we want to protect our home we should protect our environment from harmful effects of human activity. Some of these activities cause pollution. Pollution now is a very important problem. Some of these problem are : the ozone holes, global warming ( or green-house effect), acid rain †¦ The ozone layer is a layer of gases which stop harmful radiation from the sun protecting the earth. Recent research shows that there is a hole in part of the ozone layer which is caused by smoke from factories, car exhaust fumes, aerosol cans ’cause they contain CFC. Global warming is an increase in world temperature caused by an increase in carbon dioxide. Acid rain is rain that contains dangerous chemicals, this is caused by smoke from factories. Another problem is poisons in food. Farmer soften spray chemicals in crops to safe them from pests. These chemicals are called pesticides. Scientists have found that pesticides often end up in our food and they can cause health problems – especially for kids. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison : industrial, chemical, nuclear waste. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. And if nothing is done our earth will die in about 30 years from now. So what can we do to protect our environment ? I think that we should recycle our used things, we should plant more trees, we should not waste resources but try save them, we also must make smoke from factories and car’s fumes more clean, we must not dump industrial waste to seas and rivers †¦Now people are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else’s. They make different organization, whose aim is conservation. For example † GREEN PEACE † , † FRIEND OF THE EARTH † and others. Everyday millions people from all over the world do everything to protect our envir onment , and they need for our help. I think we ought to help them , just to make our future better.

Modernist Painting By Clement Greenberg - 1325 Words

In his essay, â€Å"Modernist Painting† (1960), Clement Greenberg seeks to lay principles for evaluating the progression of art to modern painting. Greenberg makes a lot of evaluations and assessments about modern paintings that are credible and can be held to a high standard. Despite his best efforts, some of his assertions are shrouded in generalizations and lack the necessary premises to be established as entirely objective and affirmative. Greenberg claims that the Old Masters created space one could imagine walking into and experience, but modern painters, on the other hand, create space only accessible to the visual senses, eye. His observations regarding these â€Å"Old Masters† is undeniable for the most part, but his assertions on modern paintings brings up a lot of controversy. To question Greenberg, one must first understand how the representation of depth of space evolved over time. The full range of this evolution cannot be mapped in this essay, thus only relevant and specific ones will be discussed. Dating back to the 16th century, the Renaissance painters saw a heightening of perspective painting. By imitating how distant and close objects appear to the eye, the optical illusion of space is created by a geometric representation of unfolding space. Rafael’s Marriage of the Virgin, 1504 (fig.1) is a prominent paragon to reflect on regarding this technique. With defined lines and patterns leading to the doorway of the background building, Rafael gives the audience a senseShow MoreRelatedClement Greenberg Modernist Painting1062 Words   |  5 PagesClement Greenberg, â€Å"Modernist Painting† In his text entitled â€Å"Modernist Painting†, Greenberg focuses on the development of painting between the 14th and 19th century and emphasizes on what distinguishes Modernist painting from previous forms of painting, particularly those of the Old Masters. 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Judd claims that consistency between the painting and the frame enabled establishment of the frame as an explicit form, overall making it strongerRead MoreAnalysis Of Blue Poles 1498 Words   |  6 Pagescultural and physical boundaries. Abstract and Modernist artists, Pollock and Kandinsky both show defiance of traditional methodologies and ideologies through their unconventional conceptual and material practices. Jackson Pollock- ‘Blue Poles’- 1952 One of the most influential art works he has created, Pollock’s 1952 work ‘Blue Poles’, is essential is displaying the provocative and experimental style of his distinctive avant garde paintings. Blue Poles is a visionary work of his, intensifyingRead More Modernism vs Postmodernism Essay2441 Words   |  10 Pagespure, and in its purify find the guarantee of its standards of quality as well as of its independence. Purity meant self-definition, and the enterprise of self-criticism in the arts became one of self-definition, with a vengeance. (Greenberg, Modernist Painting, Art in Theory, p.755) Greenbergs aesthetics are the terminal point of [an] historical trajectory. There is another history of art, however, a history of representations ... for me, and some other erstwhile conceptualists, conceptualRead MoreThe Conceptual Connection Between Art And Aesthetics2378 Words   |  10 Pagesexercises in aesthetics. Above all Clement Greenberg is the critic of taste’ (Kosuth; 854) Is Kosuth’s stance on the negating of aesthetic presence a dig only at ‘Formulism’ or more of a defining attitude to actually attest what ‘art’ is and how it should be utilised to carry an idea and not just decorate in a modernist Greenberg taste? Within this essay I will argue, yes indeed conceptualism stripped the notion of morphological art and the decorative accepting of painting as tradition, however were theRead MoreEssay The Avant-Garde Die First2300 Words   |  10 Pagesmore clearly demonstrate the extreme separation the term â€Å"avant-garde† implies. It is important to reflect on the detachment of art from its former religious manifestations, where the painting was a moving piece of â€Å"symbolic meaning† (Barzun 32). According to Jacques Barzun, a painting connected with the viewer because it reflected some manner of spiritual recognition; it was the attachment to God or spiritual symbolism that satisfied the patron and provoked emotion, not the pieceRead MoreThe Fault in Conceptual Artists Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesConceptual art is also emerged, developed and influenced from other art movements such as Dada, Pop art and Minimal Art. Mary Anne stated in her article Conceptual Art that Modernism had historically unfolded and artists began to work outside of painting frames...artists moved from morphological questions to questions about the production of meaning and value and what makes a particular object or practice into art. It might not be easy to clearly define Conceptual Art because Conceptual Art couldRead MoreAn Overview of Postmodernism Essay2180 Words   |  9 Pagescharacteristic of postmodernism. There was a preference for a type of work that shifted away from the traditional use of elements and formats and dissolved the barriers between them, bringing into art items that had nothing to do with traditional sculpting or painting materials. In the critical sense, the beginnings of postmodernism are placed in the mid 1970’s when it started being mentioned under this name and used in critical and philosophical discussions . Artists and writers were conscious on their belonging

Patient Education Sessions Influences Levels Of Satisfaction

Cancer treatments can be extremely frightening and intimidating. Patients receiving treatment require adequate knowledge to help them deal with the treatment. Education sessions and preparation that cancer patients get prior to radiation treatment or CT simulation may influence their satisfaction. In this study, authors seek to explore whether the timing of patient education sessions influences levels of satisfaction in women treated for breast cancer. - The author’s purpose, approach or methods, hypothesis, and major conclusions. Purpose: To explore whether the timing of patient education sessions influences levels of satisfaction in women treated for breast cancer. Methods: Two groups of participants, 350 women total, were surveyed retrospectively via a postal questionnaire. Participants from group 1 received a patient education session following their first radiation therapy treatment. Group 2 received a patient education session on the same day as their computed tomography (CT) simulation appointment. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: No significant difference in the levels of satisfaction was found between the 2 groups. Satisfaction levels were high in both groups across all measures; however, satisfaction levels were lowest when participants were asked how satisfied they were with the information provided about support services. Discussion: The timing of patient education did not significantly influence the level of patientShow MoreRelatedThe Responsibilities of Nurses When Providing Patient Education948 Words   |  4 PagesPatient education is a process of providing patients and their families with information, knowledge and skills that are necessary for the management of their health and illness concerns (Park, 2005). It is the responsibility of nurses to follow the teaching process when providing patient education. 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By attempting to better understandRead MoreAnalysis Of Nephrology Nursing : Implementation Of Home Dialysis Vs. Institutional Dialysis1400 Words   |  6 PagesNursing: Implementation of Home Dialysis vs. Institutional Dialysis For patients suffering from the implications of kidney disease, nephrology nurses not only provide physical and supportive care, but also act as the patient’s advocate to improve their quality of life. Nephrology nurses advocate for the administration of home hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis as a means to improve quality of life and level of independence of patients experiencing kidney disease. Nephrology nurses advocate that homeRead MoreMotivation Is Central Of Creativity, Productivity And Happiness1010 Words   |  5 Pagesde-motivated staff is the patients are not receiving adequate care for the severe cases patients and could possibly be detrimental, especially to the weaken immune system of the HIV/AIDS ward patients. 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The Characters Personalities in Grendel and Beowulf...

The book Grendel, written by John Gardner, and the poem Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heaney, both have very distinct opinions on what role each character plays. The translator of Beowulf and the writer of Grendel follow the idea that everyone has a story. A story is the writer’s perspective on a character’s personality, the way people in the story see and treat the character, and the way it ties the ideas together. There are many examples in these two writings of this concept, but the main instances connect with the lives of Grendel, Beowulf, and Unferth. Our first character, Grendel, is an exceptionally diverse character. It is implied that in both book and poem, Grendel is a blood-thirsty monster. All Grendel does is go through†¦show more content†¦This way of thinking leads Grendel to be the assassin we know him as today. A great character to include in this topic is Unferth. Unferth is a very out of the ordinary individual. In Beowulf, the writer’s perspective on Unferth is a pathetic warrior who couldn’t win even the simplest of fights. When first introduced in the poem Beowulf, it’s hard to feel sympathy for Unferth because he is in verbal conflict with Beowulf, insulting Beowulf. When switching to the outside view in the book Grendel, it becomes apparent that Unferth isn’t just doing this to pick a fight. Grendel has been his arch enemy ever since the twelve year war started. Unferth was embarrassed and infuriated in his first meeting with Grendel when Grendel said â€Å"I’m going to carry you back to Hrothgar, safe and sound† (p.90). The other people in the book think he’s supposed to be the savior of the kingdom, yet he can’t even come close to killing Grendel and when he does attempt to kill Grendel, Grendel just laughs and teases him. Th is idea of embarrassment drives Unferth mad with rage. When Beowulf comes along, he claims that he has done all these heroic and outstanding things. 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The noble defender, Beowulf, constantly fought monsters and beasts to rid the land of evil. The most significant of these monsters, Grendel, represents Beowulfs shadow, the Jungian archetype explored in the essay collection, Meeting the Shadow.    The character Grendel portrays the fallen self, which will assert itself violentlyRead MoreSimilarities Of The Story In Beowulf922 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf was originally an epic poem written by an unknown author that set the tone for future epic literature and created the ideal hero for pieces later to come. But despite its significance, Beowulf has been adapted throughout time and the character and poems image has been changed constantly. One of the best examples showing change to the story is the movie depiction of Beowulf. 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System Thinking in Health Care Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the System Thinking in Health Care. Answer: In order to deal with complex issues in the public health, system thinking is the best way to investigate this issues. The purpose aims to demonstrate the understanding of how system-thinking concepts can be applied to public health. In this paper, the system approach is compared to the addressing a public health challenge with more traditional biomedical/positivist modelsfor understanding and acting on public health challenges. The essay clearly describes the system thinking. It further presents critical discussion on the differences between systems approaches and other approach. The essay will emphasise on particular public health challenge and drawing on the issues described in the essay, systems perspective will be applied to reflect on intervention approaches that might address the challenge. System thinking in health care is approach towards problems and solution by a way of thinking. In this approach, the dynamic nature of the complex system is appreciated. It appreciates the role of the stakeholders, the implementation of the new policies and actions, even if they generate counterintuitive and unpredictable effects. The positive aspect of system thinking is that it can be applied irrespective of the field of inquiry. The health system comprise of the linear and reductionist approaches. It can be addressed by the system thinking, by testing new ideas in the social systems, through group learning, joint thinking, and shared understanding of the problems (Peters, 2014). System thinking is applied to public health by taking into account the organisational dynamics, pattern of interaction, events, and structure. These are viewed as the components of larger structure. This approach does not react to the event instead; it helps to anticipate to address the challenges emerging in public health. The polices and actions are carefully considered, for its outcome. It is obvious to use system approach owing to the complexity of the public health issues. It involves different concerns to bear, with numerous interacting variables, groups and multiple agencies that need to be accounted for (Swanson et al., 2012). The five basic principles of system thinking are: Purposefulness, composition, connectedness, perspective, and emergence. Purposefulness refers to understanding the purpose of the stakeholders behind the use of your intended product to complete their tasks. The term composition refers to striking balance between contradictory needs and interdependencies. For instance, customization vs standardisation and security vs performance. If a product is delivered in the health care system, then the ecosystem of the product is considered to know the implications of the ecosystem. This refers to the principle of the connectedness. The principle of perspective is used to see the action that caused the results opposite to that intended. Sometimes a product can yield additional capabilities and values. The set of interactions is the emergence (Atun, 2012). Obesity is the significant heath challenge in the present society. According to Brennan et al. (2015) it is the most complex heath challenge of our time. It is the lifestyle disease and is caused by multiple factors such as socioeconomic status, hereditary, educational attainment, diet and many others. There are social and cultural determinants of obesity. The common characteristics in the complex issues are interdependence, heterogeneity, nonlinearity, and self-organisation. It is not possible to use the reductionist search for the causes. If system thinking is used to address obesity, appropriate solution can be identified. It is because in this approach biology is interacting with cultural and social built factors. It means that system thinking omits the aspects of traditional models, which includes relentless search for obesity causes that are specific and isolated. System thinking is justified to address obesity as this epidemic function at multiple levels. At each of this level, there are multiple interactions. Thus, system thinking is the new way of making obesity an issue of everyones business at local level. The national level projects such a work with industry to make food healthier, the campaign called change4life and community interventions like talking to family and individuals directly are the projects that are complemented by system thinking (Mulderrig, 2016). The applications of system thinking to address childhood obesity can take many ways. Firstly, we can cope with the complexities involved in the disease. Secondly, we can skip the aspect of identifying the risk factors of obesity. It is usually the intervention of traditional positivist model. Instead, system thinking tends to understand the intersectoral dynamics and interpersonal dynamics. Thirdly, we can create virtual laboratories, for testing the sustainable interventions and design new ones. Fourthly, system thinking can be applied to generate new hypothesis. It can be used to collect empirical data and identify gaps. Fifthly, integrate multiple disciplines and data sources. Lastly, anticipation of the expected and unexpected results (Brennan et al. 2015). For addressing obesity primary care advocacy involves both physical environment support and social environment support. Under the physical and environmental support, the system thinking approach considers the policies for housing, transportations, food availability, recreation, education, financing and marketing. In the social environment support, the sytem thinking approach considers policies on media, information, individual incentives, industry practices. In this system, thinking approach the family practices and individual behaviour is interlinked to regional urban planning and peer and family networks. Environment is shaped by the individuals. The primary care advocacy involves the physicians and counsellors who advocate patients for promoting healthy lifestyles by social and environmental changes. Thus, it is evident how the system thinking approach is used to address all the interactions involved in different levels at which the obesity epidemic functions (Midgley, 2006). System thinking is different from other traditional biomedical approaches for addressing public health challenges. The traditional model focus on the system decomposed unto the solution components. In most cases, the problem or issue is broken down into small parts or constituents. On the contrary, the system thinking approaches towards solution by taking a broad view of the parameters and the variables involved in fixing long problem (Adam, de Savigny, 2012). Unlike the traditional models, which are too, specific the system thinking can be used in any area such as human resources, environmental, political, and many others in addition to medical. The traditional models are based on the old sayings that can be used t solve the public health issue in one way. Using the system thinking is like integrative thinking where a problem can have many solutions. These are combined to produce the best solution (Atun, 2012). The various health models such as social determinant model of Aboriginal health tend to identify and address the health inequalities in this community. This model is used to identify the impact of spirituality and religion on obesity. It eliminates the factors such as socio economic status and policies contributing to this problem. It does not contain expanded view of the environmental influence on this community. Similarly, the health belief model identifies intervention to obesity based on the understanding that a person will adopt positive lifestyle by perceiving the health benefits (Skinner, Tiro Champion, 2015). This approach mainly focuses on the psychological aspect of the individual. Both of the above models differs from the system thinking approach as they do not focus on bringing a consistent, big picture view to all the stakeholders involved in addressing obesity (Rutter et al., 2017). The social cognitive model of fruits and vegetables consumption to reduce obesity is based on specific domain such as self-efficacy, personal preference and outcome expectancies. Similar the social learning theory to reduce fast food consumption is based on the idea that a child will eat fast food if majority of the people in local area do same. These models are basically the cause and effect thinking. It includes some pitfalls that are overcome by system thinking such as avoiding the independent effects from the casual factors, and one-way causality that is feedback. System thinking avoids the linearity of effects, which are dynamically variable over time. It also avoids the instantaneous effects (Sallis, Owen, Fisher, 2015). Unlike the system thinking approach this are time consuming as they focus on single factors and the intervention is based on just parameter. However, the system thinking approach is similar to the socio-ecological model to some extent (Swanson et al., 2012). Socio-ecological model focus on the broader aspect unlike the above two models. It emphasises on the determinants and linkages among various determinants of obesity. It emphasise on the community, organisational, interpersonal and policy levels. So when this model is used for designing interventions it targets the individuals (ages, sex, psychological factors), interpersonal (social and cultural support, family factors), organisational (policies in schools, work, health care) and community (information, transportation, sedentary) and public policy (policy incentives such as rewards for behaviour). Together these behaviours ensure energy balance. Together it influences the body fat and weight, which in turn influence the risk fact ors of cancer, health costs and others (Ohri-Vachaspati et al., 2015). Public health issue like obesity is complex problem. The system in which this chronic disease is occurring functions at multiple levels. The organisation and the individual actors at each level matters. When the complexity of the individual task is matched with the capacity of the individual and the organisation to respond to a situation, then the system function is optimised. System thinking comes with nonlinear solutions, which completely complements traditional toolbox. This solution-oriented approach compels people to ask different questions. References Adam, T., de Savigny, D. (2012). Systems thinking for strengthening health systems in LMICs: need for a paradigm shift.Health Policy and Planning,27(suppl_4), iv1-iv3. Atun, R. (2012). Health systems, systems thinking and innovation.Health policy and planning,27(suppl 4), iv4-iv8. Brennan, L. K., Sabounchi, N. S., Kemner, A. L., Hovmand, P. (2015). Systems thinking in 49 communities related to healthy eating, active living, and childhood obesity.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,21, S55-S69. Midgley, G. (2006). Systemic intervention for public health.American journal of public health,96(3), 466-472. Mulderrig, J. (2016). Fat-shaming: Change4Lifes anti-obesity nudgecampaign glosses over social inequalities.Democratic Audit UK. Ohri-Vachaspati, P., DeLia, D., DeWeese, R. S., Crespo, N. C., Todd, M., Yedidia, M. J. (2015). The relative contribution of layers of the Social Ecological Model to childhood obesity.Public health nutrition,18(11), 2055-2066. Peters, D. H. (2014). The application of systems thinking in health: why use systems thinking?.Health Research Policy and Systems,12(1), 51. Rutter, H., Savona, N., Glonti, K., Bibby, J., Cummins, S., Finegood, D. T., ... Petticrew, M. (2017). The need for a complex systems model of evidence for public health.Lancet. Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., Fisher, E. (2015). Ecological models of health behavior.Health behavior: theory, research, and practice. 5th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 43-64. Skinner, C. S., Tiro, J., Champion, V. L. (2015). The health belief model.Health behavior: theory, research, and practice. 5th ed. San Francisco (US): Jossey-Bass, 75-94. Swanson, R. C., Cattaneo, A., Bradley, E., Chunharas, S., Atun, R., Abbas, K. M., ... Best, A. (2012). Rethinking health systems strengthening: key systems thinking tools and strategies for transformational change.Health policy and planning,27(suppl_4), iv54-iv61.